Info Hio
The new insistence on religious identity permitted the development of an identity based essentially on community. This new communitarian identity, which remains too often unrecognised, is of crucial importance for the correct understanding of the religious dynamics between Christians and Jews in late antiquity. Indeed, despite the deep differences between minority the Jews and majority the Christians , the relationships between the two groups were based upon their common self-understanding as...
Primary Sources Pxq
Athanasius. Apologia de sua fuga. Ed. H. G. Opitz, Athanasius Werke Berlin, 1935-41 , 11.1 SC 56 De decretis Nicaenae synodi, ed. Opitz, 11.1 Historia Arianorum, ed. Opitz, 11.1 Synods, ed. Opitz, 11.1 Tome to the Antiochenes PG 26 Avellana collectio. Epistulae imperatorum, pontificum, aliorum CSEL 35 Bede. Historia ecclesiastica. Eds. Bertram Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors, Bede's Ecclesiastical history of the English people Oxford, 1969 Concilia Africae, a. 4 -a. 525 CCSL 149 Concilia Galliae,...
Info Agh
Constantine's court. Although Ulfila bore a Gothic name - 'little wolf - he was in fact a descendant of those Cappadocian Christians who had been abducted in 257. He had clearly received a sound Christian education and, in addition to Gothic, knew Latin and Greek. Since Gothic Christians were regarded as sympathising with the Romans, disruptions in the Gothic-Roman relationship posed a threat to them and, during the 340s, a disruption of this kind eventually led to persecution. Ulfila and a...
Primary Sources Vsu
De officiis, ed. Ivor J. Davidson Oxford, 2001 Ammianus Marcellinus. Ed. W Seyfarth. Ammiani Marcellini rerumgestarum libri qui supersunt Leipzig, 1999 Augustine. Letters CSEL 34, 44, 57, 58 Ausonius. Ordo urbium nobilium. In H. G. E. White, trans., Ausonius, LCL London 1919-21 Chromatius. Sermons CCSL 9a Codex Theodosianus 16 SC 497 Eusebius. Ecclesiastical History GCS Eusebius Werke, Ii Life of Constantine GCS 7 Eusebius Werke, i Expositio totius mundi et gentium. In R. Valentini and G....
I87
'Introduction Approaches to Coptic pilgrimage', in Pilgrimage and holy space in late antique Egypt Leiden, 1998 , 3-48 Religion in Roman Egypt Assimilation and resistance Princeton, 1998 'Syncretism and the holy man in late antique Egypt', JECS 11 2003 339-85 'Voices, books, and dreams The diversification of divination media in late antique Egypt', in Sarah Iles Johnston and Peter Struck, eds., Mantike. Studies in ancient divination Leiden, 2005 , 233-54 Geffcken, Johannes. The last days of...
Info Yor
as constructed by Cappadocian theology, was a significant ingredient in that council's reception of Nicaea. The official conciliar reception of this terminology occurs in the first canon of the Second Council of Constantinople of 553, which closely echoes the synodal letter of 382 that was issued by the first Council of Constantinople. Until fairly recently, it was customary in modern scholarship to draw a stark contrast between the Cappadocians and Augustine with reference to the doctrine of...
Info Ngu
Clement. Stromateis SC 30, 38, 278, 279 CodexJustinianus CJ . Ed. P. Kr ger, Corpus iuris civilis 11 Berlin, 192911 Codex Theodosianus CTh . Eds. T. Mommsen and P. Meyer, Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes Berlin, I9542 Council of Ancyra, in P. P. Joannou, ed., Discipline generale antique IIe-IXe s. , 1, 2 Rome, 1962 Council of Elvira, in J. Vives, ed., Concilios Visig ticos e Hispano-Romanos Barcelona, 1963 Council of Laodicea,...
Secondary Sources Gcm
Arnold, D. W H. The early episcopal career of Athanasius Notre Dame, 1991 'Atti del colloquio internazionale sul concilio di Aquileia', Antichita Altoadriatiche 21 1981 Badet, P. and D. DeDecker. 'Historicite et actualite des canons disciplinaires du concile d'Antioche', Augustinianum 37 1997 315-25 Barnes, T. D. Athanasius and Constantius Theology and politics in the Constantinian empire Cambridge, MA, 1993 Baum, Wilhelm and Dietmar Winkler. The apostolic church of the East A concise history...
Primary Texts
Basil. Letters. Ed. Yves Courtonne, Saint Basile. Lettres Paris, 1957, 1961, 1966 Bidez,J., and F. Cumont, eds. Imperatoris Caesaris Flavii Claudii Iuliani epistulae, leges, poemata, fragmenta varia Paris, 1922 Callinicus of Rufinianae. De vita S. Hypatii liber Leipzig, 1895 SC 177 Codex Justinianus CJ . Ed. P. Kr ger, Corpus iuris civilis Berlin, 1929 Cosmas of Jerusalem. Scholia in Gregorii Nazianzeni carmina PG 38 341-680 Damascius. Das Leben des Philosophen Isidors von Damaskios aus...
Info Upl
to the church. Ossius wrote in response to Constantius II's heavy-handed efforts to achieve theological unity by banishing Athanasius Gelasius, in turn, was reacting to efforts to make Rome share its primacy among Christian patriarchates with the bishop of Constantinople. Both were, in other words, defensive measures, undertaken to protect the decision-making process ofthe church from what was regarded as overly aggressive intervention by the state. Such a motive highlights the daring displayed...
I2
Rees, R. Pelagius. A reluctant heretic Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1988 Richard, M. 'Notes sur les floril ges dogmatiques du Ve et du VIe si cle', Actes du VIe Congres Internationale d'Etudes Byzantines Brussels, 1950 , 1 307-18 Rousseau, P. Basil of Caesarea Berkeley, 1998 Sahas, D. John of Damascus on Islam Leiden, 1972 Shaw, B. 'African Christianity Disputes, definitions and Donatists', in Orthodoxy and heresy in religious movements Discipline and dissent Lewiston, NY, 1992 , 5-34 Sillett, H. M....
Info Uok
churches and shrines, and presided at festivals. Eventually bishops became the peers of the emperors at Constantinople and rivals to the barbarian kings in the West. During late antiquity Christianity became not just the leading religion in the old Roman world. As its bishops appropriated or sanctioned more and more nominally secular activities, Christian spirituality also became the dominant worldview. The administrative and cultural bedrock of Roman society was its cities. At the beginning of...
Info Mxc
Augustine produced his spiritual autobiography, Confessiones, and a vast history of God's working throughout history, De civitate Dei. He left a record of his biblical commentaries and treatises in the Retractationes, composed towards the end of his life. Only a fraction of his letters and homilies survives. His many works reveal his capacity to adapt rhetorical style to suit the audience. For instance, the early philosophical works such as De quantitate animae and De bona vita are reminiscent...
Info Xnz
Rosen, K. 'Iustinus I Kaiser ', RAC 19 2001 763-78 Salamito,J.-M. Les virtuoses et la multitude. Aspects sociaux de la controverse entre Augustin et les p elagiens Paris, 2005 Salzman, M. R. The making of a Christian aristocracy. Social and religious change in the Western Roman empire Cambridge, MA, 2002 Schaferdiek, K. Die Kirche in den Reichen der Westgoten und Suewen bis zur Errichtung der westgotischen katholischen Staatskirche Berlin, 1967 'Der Sermo de passione sanctorum Donati et...
Info Mle
law was issued on 17 June 414.164 These laws indicate that Donatism was not confined to the lower classes.165 These measures had some success. There are few sources for the Vandal occupation 430 to 533 and correspondingly little information about a continuing Donatist tradition. After the Byzantine re-conquest, however, Donatism seems to disappear.166 We have mentioned the Vandal occupation. Africa was the last region to experience the great migration of various German nations. In 429, Geiseric...
Karlheinz Uthemann
The earliest biblical confessions of Jesus were varied, yet linked. He was the Messiah, the fulfilment of Israel's hopes and the eschatological accomplishment of God's reign, even as he was also a prophet promised by Moses and a teacher in the wisdom tradition. His death demonstrated God's salvation his resurrection proclaimed him alive. Therefore, as the Christian community moved from the Old Testament, the word ofGod, to the Christian Bible, these different Christologies were connected....
Info Laq
Cornutus. De natura deorum. Ed. C. Lang, Cornuti theologiae Graecae compendium Leipzig, 1881 1-76 Cyprian. AdDonatum SC 291 Damascius. Deprincipiis. Ed. C. E. Ruelle, Damascii successoris dubitationes et solutiones Paris, 1889-99 , 1 1-324 11 1-4 Diels, H. and W Kranz, eds. Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker DK Berlin, 19516 Dionysius the Areopagite. De divinis nominibus PG 3 585-984 Epiphanius. Panarion GCS Epiphanius, Bande 1-3 Eusebius. De laudibus Constantini GCS Eusebius Werke, Band 1 195-259...
Andre De Halleux Hypostase Personne
as long as both the unity and distinction were safeguarded and neither an 'Arian' subordinationism nor a 'Sabellian' modalism was intended. The Alexandrian council thus based its terminological tolerance on an admission from both sides of the validity of the other's emphasis, whether that be the unity of the substance or the irreducible reality ofthe three divine subsistents. However, the lack of terminological consensus continued to undermine the commitment to tolerance, which was further...
Info Jqd
'the flesh' is understood as a consequence of the 'appropriation of everything human by the Logos'. Athanasius establishes his exegesis by saying that 'the divinity took up its abode in the flesh' and hence assumed a body as an appropriate instrument in order to operate in the world this is how he understood Colossians 2.9 . Because the Logos 'through his body, which is proper to him, carries out the works proper to him', i.e., the miracles attested in the New Testament, therefore everything...
Info Xbp
Even warfare became a concern of bishops. For centuries warfare and the use of violent coercion had been reserved for emperors and their armies. But with the increase in pressure from the barbarians on the long northern frontier and the Persians on the eastern frontier troops were withdrawn, and occasionally local notables tried to provide regional protection with private armies. Sometimes bishops took the lead in defending their cities. In the early fifth century when the bishop of Syene in...
Info Buj
Die Kanonessammlung des Johannes Scholastikos, Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Munich, 1933 Selb, W 'Die Kanonessammlungen der orientalischen Kirchen und das griechische Corpus canonum der Reichskirche', in H. Lentze and I. Gampl, eds., Speculum iuris et ecclesiarum Festschrift fur Willibald M. Plochl zum 60. Geburtstag Vienna, 1967 , 371-83 Sieben, H. J. Die Konzilsidee in der alten Kirche, Konziliengeschichte, Reihe B Paderborn, 1979 Siricius. Letter to Himerius...
Info Fuc
'Re-reading Augustine's theology of the Trinity', in S. T. Davis, D. Kendall and G. O'Collins, eds., The Trinity An interdisciplinary symposium on the doctrine of the Trinity Oxford, 1999 , 145-76 Barnes, M. R. and D. H. Williams, eds. Arianism after Arius Edinburgh, 1993 Barnes, T. D. Athanasius and Constantius Cambridge, MA, 1993 Beck, E. Ephrams Trinitatslehre Im bild von Sonne Feuer, Licht und Warme, CSCO Subsidia 62 Louvain, 1981 Behr, J. The Nicene faith Crestwood, NY, 2004 Brachtendorf,...
Info Xga
appear that he carefully avoided any 'one nature' formula and developed succinct Dyophysite phrasing. Yet Nephalius warned that such a position stated crudely could support a possible Nestorian reading. According to Severus, he assembled a dossier to prove that Gregory Nazianzen, Proclus, John Chrysos-tom and even Cyril of Alexandria had employed language similarto his. Severus was also highly critical of Nephalius' interpretation of biblical texts.87 Severus' polemics also preserve for us...
Secondary Sources 1
Abramowski, L. 'Die Christologie Babais des Grossen', in Symposium Syriacum, Rome 1972 Rome, 1974 , 219-45 'Ein nestorianischen Traktat bei Leontius von Jerusalem', OCA 21 1983 57-83 'Streit um Diodor zwischen den beiden ephesianischen Konzilien', ZKG 66 1955 252-87 'Was hat das Nicaeno-Konstantinopolitanum C mit dem Konzil von Konstantinopel zu tun ', ThPh 67 1992 481-513 Abramowski, R. 'Der theologische Nachlass des Diodor von Tarsus', ZNTW 42 1949 19-69 Allen, P. and C. T. R. Haywood....
Info Fps
The cardinal phrase in the formula of reunion - 'consubstantial with us in humanity, and with the Father in divinity' - was contested by the monk Eutyches in 448 at a synod held under Bishop Flavian of Constantinople. Flavian condemned him, informing Rome of his decision, while Eutyches appealed to Theodosius. A letter from Leo of Rome41 - underwriting and thereby overruling Flavian's verdict - was dispatched in 449, but his legates found themselves in the middle of a second council at Ephesus,...
Info Nux
excommunication of delinquent priests and deacons c. 9 , subordination of abbots to their bishops and monks to their abbots c. 19 , administration of church property and church revenues cc. 14-16 . Canon 10 facilitated the integration of the newly formed church under Frankish rule the 'heretical' clergy of the Homoian Visigothic churches were received into the Merovingian Catholic Church by a simple imposition of hands Catholics could use re-consecrated Homoian buildings. In the recently formed...
Info Eog
me in honour, you, who claim to be a servant of God and a just man ' Then Alchasaios was taken aback and did not wash himself in the water. Again, a long time after, he wanted to wash in a stretch of water and told his disciples to look for a place with little water, so that he could wash there. His disciples found the place for him. As he was preparing himself to wash, again he saw in that spring also the apparition of a man. It spoke to him 'We and those other waters in the lake literally sea...
Info Fmr
the Church. The stages of development that resulted in the rise of clerical properties and estates are not easily identifiable sources are only partial. Archaeologically the impact of this phenomenon on both urban and rural landscapes can hardly be detected. However, Buenacasa Perez has recently confirmed that this process probably did not take place before the fourth century in North Africa.28 Even though the data are sometimes difficult to interpret, it is nonetheless possible to identify...
Secondary Sources Mqi
Fitschen, K. Serapion von Thmuis, Echte und Unechte Schriften sowie die Zeugnisse des Athanasius und Anderer, PTS 37 Berlin, 1992 Gardner, I. M. F., ed. Kellis literary texts, 1, Dakhleh Oasis Project monograph 4 Oxford, 1996 Gardner, I. M. F., Anthony Alcock and Wolf-Peter Funk, eds. Coptic documentary texts from Kellis, i, Dakhleh Oasis Project monograph 9 Oxford, 1999 Gardner, I. M. F. and S. N. C. Lieu, eds. Manichaean texts from the Roman empire Cambridge, 2004 Klein, W Die Argumentation...
Secondary Sources Yfo
Alexander, M. A., A. Ben Abed Khader, D. Soren and M. Spiro. Thuburbo Majus. Les mosa ques de la region et mise a jour du catalogue de Thuburbo Maius et les environs. 2.4. Les mosa ques de Ain Mziger, Bir Chana, Draa Ben Jouder et Zaghouan Tunis, 1994 Bagnall, R. S. Egypt in late antiquity Princeton, 1993 Bejaoui, F. 'Nouvelles donnees archeologiques a Sbeitla', Africa 14 1996 37-63 Brown, P. Augustine of Hippo. A biography, rev. edn. London, 2000 Religion and society in the age of Saint...
Info Etg
For example, in Africa, Ethiopian Christianity is in many ways the great survivor and its roots run deep. Like Christianity in Nubia, it flourished along the Nile and soon showed significant levels of cultural flourishing but, unlike Nubian Christianity, Christianity in Ethiopia survives to the modern period. In Egypt, where Christianity still survives albeit as a marginalised and frequently oppressed community , before the end of this era Coptic theologians had already begun to articulate an...
Info Xsa
aristocracy of northern Gaul fled to Arles. And when, in 416-18, the emperor established the council of the seven Gallic provinces which became the political basis for the provincial aristocracy , the council assembled at Arles.103 The bishop of Arles's chief rival at the close of the fourth century was the bishop ofVienne. In 398 the synod of Turin attempted a compromise. Primacy concerning the province of Viennensis should belong to the metropolitan bishop if the sees of Vienne and Arles...
C. Munier Carthage. V. Councils
respects so vital for the future of Christianity in the West, as the towering genius of Augustine alone assured. Africa is usually considered the most 'Christianised' region of the Western empire. There were about 250 episcopal sees in all Roman Africa around the year 300 by the early fifth century, the number had soared to 650.137 During the fourth century the majority of the often only superficially Romanised population apparently became Christian.138 At the beginning of the fifth century,...
Info Ryg
Dioscorus terrorised the assembled bishops into submission. Leo's Tome was not read out and Flavian of Constantinople was deposed, but before he was dragged away by soldiers he passed a written appeal to the Roman delegation. The deacon Hilary was probably the only Roman legate who was able to make his way back to Rome. When in 461 Hilary succeeded Leo as pope, he caused an inscription to be made in the baptistery of the Lateran church in gratitude for his safe return.27 The 'Robber Council'...
Spain
As with Gaul, the watershed for Christianity in Spain was the invasion of various Germanic nations from 406 7. In 409, the Vandals, Alans and Sueves crossed the Pyrenees and wrought havoc in the provinces of Roman Spain. Only Tarraconnensis remained under Roman rule. Between 416 and 418, victorious Visigothic forces now Roman allies repelled the Alans and the Siling Vandals. In 429 the Vandals left Spain for North Africa. In two invasions 468 and 472 3 , the Visigothic king Euric brought Spain...
Info Grf
conversion the emperor supported a priest ofthe Eleusian mystery. His coinage consistently depicted the sun god whom he may still have worshipped. The emperor had a statue of the pagan ascetic and healer, Apollonius of Tyana, in his palace. During his reign, however, Constantine sometimes destroyed pagan worship centres by having his troops defile the sacred places and tear off their doors. He thought of their worship as superstition.4 In the end, it was his overwhelming economic support of...
Info Rmt
to a bishop in Nisibis, which was during the life of Jacob of Nisibis part of the Roman empire. The adoption of Christianity as the 'glue of empire' within Byzantium had serious repercussions for Persian Christians. While they had earlier been persecuted because of their zealous evangelistic work and refusal to bow to governmental and Zoroastrian demands, they now became suspect as a possible 'fifth column' for the Roman Byzantine empire whose emperors had long dreamed of expanding their realm...
Info Eub
because of the unusually large number of third-century Christian inscriptions found there.8 At Nicomedia, the residence ofDiocletian where the edicts ofper-secution were first published, the large number of martyrdom narratives suggests the existence of a significant Christian population and many executions in the capital.9 Rural inscriptions in Bithynia mention the presence of Christians in the environs of Nicomedia as well.10 The historically reliable account of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste...
Contributors
Khaled Anatolios, Weston Jesuit School of Theology Paul M. Blowers, Emmanuel School of Religion Beat Brenk, Universita di Roma I 'La Sapienza' and emeritus, Universit t Basel Alan Brown, Trinity College, Cambridge David Bundy, Fuller Theological Seminary Augustine Casiday, University of Wales, Lampeter H. A. Drake, University of California, Santa Barbara David Frankfurter, University of New Hampshire Rowan A. Greer, emeritus, Yale Divinity School David G. Hunter, Iowa State University Samuel N....